-
STARTING A COLD WAR DEPARTMENT -
Hiroshima Bomb May Have
Carried Hidden Agenda
The US decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945
was meant to kick-start the Cold War rather than end the Second World
War, according to two nuclear historians who say they have new evidence
backing the controversial theory.
Causing a fission reaction in several kilograms of uranium and
plutonium and killing over 200,000 people 60 years ago was done more to
impress the Soviet Union than to cow Japan, they say. And the US
President who took the decision, Harry Truman, was culpable, they add.
"He knew he was beginning the process of annihilation of the species,"
says Peter Kuznick, director of the Nuclear Studies Institute at
American University in Washington DC, US. "It was not just a war crime;
it was a crime against humanity."
According to the official US version of history, an A-bomb was dropped
on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945, and another on Nagasaki three days later,
to force Japan to surrender. The destruction was necessary to bring a
rapid end to the war without the need for a costly US invasion.
But this is disputed by Kuznick and Mark Selden, a historian from
Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. They are presenting their
evidence at a meeting in London organised by Greenpeace and others to
coincide with the 60th anniversary of the bombings.
Looking for peace
New studies of the US, Japanese and Soviet diplomatic archives suggest
that Truman's main motive was to limit Soviet expansion in Asia, Kuznick
claims. Japan surrendered because the Soviet Union began an invasion a
few days after the Hiroshima bombing, not because of the atomic bombs
themselves, he says.
According to an account by Walter Brown, assistant to then-US secretary
of state James Byrnes, Truman agreed at a meeting three days before the
bomb was dropped on Hiroshima that Japan was "looking for peace". Truman
was told by his army generals, Douglas Macarthur and Dwight Eisenhower,
and his naval chief of staff, William Leahy, that there was no military
need to use the bomb.
"Impressing Russia was more important than ending the war in Japan,"
says Selden. Truman was also worried that he would be accused of wasting
money on the Manhattan Project to build the first nuclear bombs, if the
bomb was not used, he adds.
Kuznick and Selden's arguments, however, were dismissed as
"discredited" by Lawrence Freedman, a war expert from King's College
London, UK. He says that Truman's decision to bomb Hiroshima was
"understandable in the circumstances".
Truman's main aim had been to end the war with Japan, Freedman says,
but adds that, with the wisdom of hindsight, the bombing may not have
been militarily justified. Some people assumed that the US always had "a
malicious and nasty motive", he says, "but it ain't necessarily so."
Source: New Scientist
http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7706
-
GENETICALLY MODIFIED NIGHTMARE DEPARTMENT -
GM Crops Created Superweed,
Say Scientists
Modified genes from crops in a GM crop trial have transferred into
local wild plants, creating a form of herbicide-resistant "superweed".
The cross-fertilisation between GM oilseed rape, a brassica, and a
distantly related plant, charlock, had been discounted as virtually
impossible by scientists with the environment department. It was found
during a follow up to the government's three-year trials of GM crops
which ended two years ago.
The new form of charlock was growing among many others in a field which
had been used to grow GM rape. When scientists treated it with lethal
herbicide it showed no ill-effects.
Unlike the results of the original trials, which were the subject of
large-scale press briefings from scientists, the discovery of hybrid
plants that could cause a serious problem to farmers has not been
announced.
The scientists also collected seeds from other weeds in the oilseed
rape field and grew them in the laboratory. They found that two - both
wild turnips - were herbicide resistant.
The five scientists from the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, the
government research station at Winfrith in Dorset, placed their findings
on the department's website last week.
A reviewer of the paper has appended to its front page: "The frequency
of such an event [the cross-fertilisation of charlock] in the field is
likely to be very low, as highlighted by the fact it has never been
detected in numerous previous assessments."
However, he adds: "This unusual occurrence merits further study in
order to adequately assess any potential risk of gene transfer."
Brian Johnson, an ecological geneticist and member of the government's
specialist scientific group which assessed the farm trials, has no doubt
of the significance. "You only need one event in several million. As
soon as it has taken place the new plant has a huge selective advantage.
That plant will multiply rapidly."
Dr Johnson, who is head of the biotechnology advisory unit and head of
the land management technologies group at English Nature, the government
nature advisers, said: "Unlike the researchers I am not surprised by
this. If you apply herbicide to plants which is lethal, eventually a
resistant survivor will turn up."
The glufosinate-ammonium herbicide used in this case put "huge
selective pressure likely to cause rapid evolution of resistance".
To assess the potential of herbicide-resistant weeds as a danger to
crops, a French researcher placed a single triazine-resistant weed,
known as fat hen, in maize fields where atrazine was being used to
control weeds. After four years the plants had multiplied to an average
of 103,000 plants, Dr Johnson said.
What is not clear in the English case is whether the charlock was
fertile. Scientists collected eight seeds from the plant but they failed
to germinate them and concluded the plant was "not viable".
But Dr Johnson points out that the plant was very large and produced
many flowers.
He said: "There is every reason to suppose that the GM trait could be
in the plant's pollen and thus be carried to other charlock in the
neighbourhood, spreading the GM genes in that way. This is after all how
the cross-fertilisation between the rape and charlock must have occurred
in the first place."
Since charlock seeds can remain in the soil for 20 to 30 years before
they germinate, once GM plants have produced seeds it would be almost
impossible to eliminate them.
Although the government has never conceded that gene transfer was a
problem, it was fear of this that led the French and Greek governments
to seek to ban GM rape.
Emily Diamond, a Friends of the Earth GM researcher, said: "I was
shocked when I saw this paper. This is what we were reassured could not
happen - and yet now it has happened the finding has been hidden away.
This is exactly what the French and Greeks were afraid of when they
opposed the introduction of GM rape."
The findings will now have to be assessed by the government's Advisory
Committee on Releases to the Environment (Acre). The question is whether
it is safe to release GM crops into the UK environment when there are
wild relatives that might become superweeds and pose a serious threat to
farm productivity. This has already occurred in Canada.
The discovery that herbicide-resistant genes have transferred to farm
weeds from GM crops is the second blow to the hopes of bio-tech
companies to introduce their crops into Britain. Following farm scale
trials there was already scientific evidence that herbicide-tolerant
oilseed rape and GM sugar beet were bad for biodiversity because the
herbicide used to kill the weeds around the crops wiped out more
wildlife than with conventionally grown crops. Now this new research, a
follow-up on the original trials, shows that a second undesirable
potential result is a race of superweeds.
The findings mirror the Canadian experience with GM crops, which has
seen farmers and the environment plagued with severe problems.
Farmers the world over are always troubled by what they call
"volunteers" - crop plants which grow from seeds spilled from the
previous harvest, of which oilseed rape is probably the greatest
offender, Anyone familiar with the British countryside, or even the
verges of motorways, will recognise thousands of oilseed rape plants
growing uninvited amid crops of wheat or barley, and in great swaths by
the roadside where the "small greasy ballbearings" of seeds have spilled
from lorries.
Farmers in Canada soon found that these volunteers were resistant to at
least one herbicide, and became impossible to kill with two or three
applications of different weedkillers after a succession of various GM
crops were grown.
The new plants were dubbed superweeds because they proved resistant to
three herbicides while the crops they were growing among had been
genetically engineered to be resistant to only one.
To stop their farm crops being overwhelmed with superweeds, farmers had
to resort to using older, much stronger varieties of "dirty" herbicide
long since outlawed as seriously damaging to biodiversity.
No GM crops are currently grown commercially in the UK. Companies who
wish to introduce them face a series of licensing hurdles in Britain and
Europe and interest has waned in recent years amid public opposition.
Other firms have dropped applications in the wake of the government
field scale trials that showed growing two GM varieties - oilseed rape
and sugar beet - was bad for biodiversity.
The EU has approved several GM varieties and the UK government insists
that applications will be considered on a case-by-case basis.
Where are GM crops grown?
Extensively in the wide open spaces of the US, Canada and Argentina. In
Europe, Portugal, France and Germany have all dabbled with GM
insect-resistant maize. Spain plants about 100,000 hectares (250,000
acres) of it each year for animal feed.
What is a superweed?
Many GM crop varieties are given genes that allow them to resist a
specific herbicide, which farmers can then apply to kill the weeds while
allowing the GM crop to thrive.
Environmental campaigners have long feared that if pollen from the GM
crop fertilised a related weed, it could transfer the resistance and
create a superweed. This "gene transfer" is what appears to have
happened at the field scale trial site. It raises the prospect of
farmers who grow some GM crops being forced to use stronger herbicides
on their fields to deal with the upstart weeds.
Is it a big problem?
Not yet. Farmers in the UK do not grow GM crops commercially. If they
did, then the scale of possible superweed contamination depends on two
things: whether the hybrid superweed can reproduce (many hybrids are
sterile) and, if it could, how well its offspring could compete with
other plants. Herbicide-resistant weeds could potentially grow very well
in agricultural fields where the relevant herbicide is applied. Most
experts say superweeds would be unlikely to sweep across the UK
countryside as, without the herbicide being used to kill their
competitors, their GM status offers no advantage.
Some GM crops, such as maize, have no wild relatives in the UK, making
gene transfer and the creation of a superweed from them impossible.
Is it a surprise?
On one level no, gene flow and hybridisation are as old as plants
themselves. Short of creating sterile male plants, it's simply
impossible to stop crops releasing pollen to fertilise related
neighbours. But government scientists had thought that GM oilseed rape
and charlock were too distantly related for it to occur.
The dangers of hybridisation where it does happen are well documented -
experts from the Dorset centre behind the latest research published a
high-profile paper in 2003 in the US journal Science showing widespread
gene flow from non-GM oilseed rape to wild flowers.
Have superweeds surfaced elsewhere?
Farmers in Canada and Argentina growing GM soya beans have large
problems with herbicide-resistant weeds, though these have arisen
through natural selection and not gene flow through hybridisation.
Experiments in Germany have shown sugar beets genetically modified to
resist one herbicide accidentally acquired the genes to resist another -
so called "gene stacking", which has also been observed in oilseed rape
grown in Canada.
Source: The Guardian
http://www.guardian.co.uk/gmdebate/Story/0%2C2763%2C1535428%2C00.html
-
IT CAN'T ALL BE SWAMP GAS DEPARTMENT -
Is There Anyone Out There .
. .Yes, 15,000 Times, Yes
The Ministry of Defence has examined more than 15,000 alleged sightings
of flying saucers and other unidentified flying objects over Britain
since 1959 and is still keeping an open mind on the existence of aliens.
The sightings were reported from John o' Groats to Land's End by RAF
and civilian pilots, air traffic controllers, policemen and even MoD
employees as well as members of the public, according to documents
released under the Freedom of Information Act.
They were examined by a special section of the directorate of air staff
"to establish whether the UK's airspace might have been compromised by
unauthorised air activity", a spokesman said. To date, there was no
evidence of extraterrestrial activity.
The most common sightings included reports of orange-coloured discs,
spheres, triangles and balls of fire which could change formation. An
undisclosed but "considerable" number were seen over RAF and US air
force bases in England.
The official policy line is that "the MoD does not have any expertise
or role in respect of UFOs or flying saucer matters or to the existence
or otherwise of extraterrestrial lifeforms, about which it remains
totally open-minded".
The spokesman added: "We know of no evidence which substantiates the
existence of such phenomena. Unless there is evidence of a potential
threat to the UK from an external source, and so far no report has
revealed such evidence, we do not investigate the precise nature of each
sighting.
"We believe that rational explanations such as aircraft lights or
natural phenomena could be found for them if resources were diverted for
this purpose. But it is not the function of the MoD to provide this kind
of aerial identification service."
The figures show that the peak years for sightings were 1978, with 750
reports, and 1999, with 609.
As The Herald revealed in March, West Kilbride in Ayrshire was
Scotland's UFO hotspot last year with 12 sightings.
Source: The Herald
http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/43647.html
-
ATLANTIS HERE, ATLANTIS THERE DEPARTMENT -
Seafloor Survey Buoys
Atlantis Claim
Earthquake debris shores up evidence for lost city.
"There occurred violent earthquakes and floods. And in a single day and
night of misfortune... the island of Atlantis disappeared in the depths
of the sea."
This account, written by Plato more than 2,300 years ago, set
scientists on the trail of the lost city of Atlantis. Did it ever exist?
And if so, where was it located, and when did it disappear?
In a recent paper in Geology, Marc-Andre Gutscher of the European
Institute for Marine Studies in Plouzané gives details of one
candidate for the lost city: the submerged island of Spartel, west of
the Straits of Gibraltar.
The top of this isle lies some 60 metres beneath the surface in the
Gulf of Cadiz, having plunged beneath the waves at the end of the most
recent ice age as melting glaciers caused the sea level to rise.
Geological evidence has shown that a large earthquake and a tsunami hit
this island some 12,000 years ago, at roughly the location and time
indicated in Plato's writings.
Gutscher has surveyed this island in detail, using sound waves
reflected off the sea floor to map its contours1. His results bring
mixed news to Atlantis hunters.
At first, his conclusions seemed disappointing. At the time identified
by Plato for the city's loss, the sea level would have been fairly high
on the island's banks.
According to sea-level measurements alone, Gutscher estimates the
island "would have been reduced to wave-swept rocky islets" and would
have been less than 500 metres in diameter, making it impossibly small
for a sophisticated city.
But there is a saving grace. Gutscher says the island might have sunk
further since those times from seismic activity.
Layers of turbidite, the sand and mud shaken up by underwater
avalanches, suggest that eight earthquakes have happened in the area
since Atlantis sank. Each earthquake could have resulted in a drop of
the sea floor by several metres.
So 12,000 years ago, Spartel might have been 40 metres higher than
expected, and could have measured five by two kilometres.
"This is an interesting contribution to the discussion," says Jacques
Collina-Girard, a geologist at the University of the Mediterranean in
Aix-en-Provence, who suggested Spartel as a candidate for Atlantis a few
years ago.
"This does not mean the island was inhabited," Gutscher cautions. At a
conference of Atlantis researchers in Greece this month, he became
convinced that the sophisticated city described by some could not have
existed this long ago. "If inhabited, it would have probably been simple
fishermen and not a Bronze Age culture as described by Plato," he says.
The Bronze Age is usually described as beginning just 5,000 years ago.
Gutscher adds that his sound reflection data revealed no unusual
geometric structures that could suggest an extinct civilization.
He says that the Egyptians who told Plato the Atlantis story may have
used a different definition of 'years', meaning the destruction of
Atlantis happened more recently than thought.
The conference in Greece came to no firm conclusions about the city's
existence. But researchers managed to agree on 24 criteria that a
geographical area must satisfy in order to qualify as a site where
Atlantis could have existed. The place must have accommodated such
oddities as hot springs, northerly winds, elephants, enough people for
an army of 10,000 chariots, and a ritual of bull sacrifice.
At present there are half a dozen candidates for Atlantis's location,
each one with its own shortcomings. Some say that settling on a final
answer may prove impossible.
"The geophysics is well done, the geology excellent," says geologist
Floyd McCoy of the University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, of Gutscher's study.
"But most of Plato's description of Atlantis is so ambiguous and open to
interpretation. With the information we have from the ancient text, it
may never be found, if indeed it ever existed."
Source: Nature
http://www.nature.com/news/2005/050718/full/050718-13.html
-
PLEASE DON'T LITTER ON OUR PLANET DEPARTMENT -
UFOs In Mexico Seen Dumping
"Space Junk"
Unidentified flying objects
appearing in the skies over Ciudad Valles, Mexico for the past three
months have caused a commotion and a series of reactions ranging from
fear to uncertainty. Their most important manifestation, however,
occurred on the 15th of this month at 2 p.m., when at least a dozen UFOs
remained visible for nearly 5 minutes in the over the city's
southwestern quarter and expelled what witnessed referred to as "space
junk"
Days later, on Thursday the 21st at 10:00 p.m. this same month, a new
UFO remained stationary to the south of Valles, in the vicinity of the
Regional Hospital, long enough to be photographed by a photojournalist
with "El Mañana".
The case that has attracted the most attention due to the abundance of
eyewitnesses, the time of day and the casting of unknown objects was the
one that took place over the La Diana and Praderas del Rio neighborhoods.
That day, as the temperature reached 40 Centigrade, Miroslava and Luz
Esmeralda Martinez Hernandez, Prof. Ruth Sandoval, Mr. Enrique Sandoval
and other persons residing along 16 de Septiembre Street in La Diana
discovered -- while they went about their daily activities and happened
to look skyward-- a long row of silvery, oval shaped and
semi-circular objects moving slowly to the east of Valles and over the
Valles River.
"I counted some ten objects. Nine of them were small or at least
appeared so at a distance. Then there was a larger one at the end of the
row," said an excited Miroslava Martinez Hernandez. She explained, still
overwhelmed, that some of the objects made pendulum-type motions, in
other words, they rocked from side to side "like a baby's cradle" and
when they largest object appeared they surrounded it, forming a kind of
ring.
"Look, they were exactly there," she said, point at a radio antenna
atop a house in Praderas de Rio.
"I even got the impression they were studying the antenna," she added.
The account was corroborated by Luz Esmeralda, holding her child in
arms while she explained the UFOs' movement and shape with hand
gestures. "Yes, I also managed to see how they were shaped, moving very
slowly. The largest was behind, but the one I saw was circular-shaped,
like a plate," she added.
Both indicated almost at the same time that detail that surprised them
the most: that the objects expelled some sort of paper or metal sheets
that were red and black in color. "The red was so bright that it even
hurt one's eyes...could it have been self-luminous?" wondered Miroslava.
"The objects expelled seemed to be moved along by the air, and they
fell in different directions. We already went looking for them but
couldn't find them."
Prof. Ruth Sanchez Sandoval, a neighbor of Miroslava and Luz Esmeralda,
stated while she pointed to the clouds at the sky at the time that
"frankly, it seems to me they emerged from that cloud."
She said that she was in the backyard of her house while her brother
Rodrigo was inside. He had just arrived from the U.S. when the sighting
occurred. "I was stunned by what I was seeing, because although I'd had
the opportunity to see UFOs elsewhere in the country, and even my
husband Daniel Aguilar saw the army capture one of those objects in
1968, when it fell in Oaxaca, near Monte Albán, but it got away.
This was different."
What drew her attention, she explained, was that within the largest UFO
there were yellow or orange lights, and the other smaller ones
surrounded it. "It's as if they had been waiting and once together,
began moving slowly and then vanished from sight. I wanted to record
them with my brother's camcorder, but I didn't want to leave the spot to
go and ask him."
Ruth Sandoval explained that when she saw the UFOs they expelled
red and black colored things. "To me they were hexagonal in shape, but
very thin, like paper or metal sheets, and they fell in different
locations."
Facing Miroslava, Luz Elena's and Ruth's homes, Mr. Enrique Sandoval,
at first hesitant, explained that he had in fact seen the very same
thing as the women.
"The only thing I disagree with is the number, since I managed to see
some thirty objects in the same direction. They were metallic-colored
and I also realized that they threw out things after being suspended for
a long time."
Prof. Sandoval explained that the UFOs were neither airplanes nor
helicopters. They were noiseless, stood still in the air and then moved
away slowly and then swiftly.
The mystery that occupied the minds of all witnesses -- there were
more, but they were not available for the interview -- was the nature of
the objects cast out by the UFOs.
Teacher Ruth Sandoval repeated the phrase: "Maybe they're dumpling
space junk, but what if they're technological items unknown to us?"
Despite the fact that the witnesses followed the route of the objects,
no one could specify exactly where they fell. It could be that they
dissolved or that they were sophisticated technological items programmed
to fall in certain places, in the bush or underground, so that we could
not see them," they said, full of uncertainty.
Source: El Mañana (newspaper), Cd. Valles, San Luis Potosi
Translation (c) 2005. Scott Corrales, Institute of Hispanic Ufology.
Special thanks to Prof. Ana Luisa Cid.
-
A MIRACLE IN TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT -
Witnesses Say Statue of
Madonna Photographed Moving
Thousands of Italians have
flocked to a small southern town after witnesses claimed to have filmed
a miraculous ???walking statue??? of the Madonna with their video phones.
Acerra, near Naples, is now likely to become a Roman Catholic shrine.
Rumours began at the weekend when several people at the modern church
of San Pietro shouted out that a statue by the altar was moving. The
hands and feet of the Madonna had begun to ???take human form, flesh and
blood???.
The knees then appeared to move beneath her white robes, ???as if she
wanted to move closer to the faithful??? and a cross appeared on her
breast.
Parishioners said that the movement had first been noticed by cleaners,
who had kept silent for fear of being disbelieved.
The 160cm (63in) high statue, made of plaster and marble dust, was
installed at the church last December. Father Oreste Santoro, the parish
priest, said that he had not seen the statue move but a number of
parishioners had allegedly taken footage of the ???miracle??? with their
mobile phones. These had been forwarded to the local bishop, Monsignor
Giovanni Rinaldi, who would decide whether to refer the apparition to
the Vatican for authentication.
Mgr Rinaldi said that he was sceptical by instinct but would evaluate
the evidence. ???The true miracle is when the Virgin Mary succeeds in
converting men to God,??? he said.
Mgr Antonio Riboldi, the retired bishop of Acerra, also urged caution,
saying that ???these matters are often difficult to comprehend. The Church
proceeds with great prudence where apparitions of the Virgin Mary are
concerned???.
However, Espedito Marletta, the Mayor of Acerra, who is a member of the
Refounded Communist Party (Rifondazione Comunista) ??” not on the whole
noted for its religious devotion ??” said he believed that the ???miracle???
was a sign of the Virgin??™s anguish over terrorist attacks and a plea for
peace.
???After the bomb attacks in London and Sharm el-Sheikh, for people to
gather and pray before a statue of the Madonna in this way is something
very positive,??? Signor Marletta said.
Mgr Riboldi said people often reported visions of the Virgin Mary in
troubled times.
Those at Fatima in Portugal in 1917, for example, were linked to the
two world wars and the rise of Communism.
He said that he had been to the Marian shrine at Lourdes many times,
???and I have never seen anyone physically cured there. I have, however,
seen many people converted or spiritually changed and that is what is
truly supernatural???.
Parishioners at Acerra claim not to have been the victims of mass
hysteria. Many drew an analogy with the ???weeping Madonna of
Civitavecchia???, a statue brought from a shrine at Medjugorge in
Bosnia-Herzegovina, which ten years ago was said to have cried blood.
The Civitavecchia ???miracle??? has never been recognised by the Vatican
but the town ??” a port on the coast near Rome ??” has benefitted from the
phenomenon, with the local authorities building a reception centre for
pilgrims.
The Vatican has approved 15 ???authentic apparitions??? by the Virgin Mary
since 1830, but only one ???weeping Madonna???, a statue at Siracusa in
Sicily that wept ???tears of blood??? in 1954. Yesterday a statue of St
Padre Pio, the hermit and miracle worker canonised in 2002, was reported
to have shed tears of blood at Marsicovetere in the province of Potenza,
in southern Italy.
Source: The Times
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1708046,00.html
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